Filed under: CIVIL and ARCHITECTURE, MAINTENANCE, MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS, REFRIGERATION and HVAC ENGINEERING
Please click Control of Pipeline Corrosion to download
WHAT IS CORROSION?
One general definition of corrosion is the degradation of a material through environmental interaction. This definition encompasses all materials, both naturally occurring and man-made and includes plastics, ceramics, and metals. This book focuses on the corrosion of metals, with emphasis on corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels used in underground pipelines. This definition of corrosion begs the question; why do metals corrode? The answer lies in the field of thermodynamics, which tells whether a process such as corrosion will occur. A second logical question is what is the rate of corrosion or how long will a pipeline last? Corrosion kinetics can help provide an answer to this question. Both topics are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 16. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the subject of underground corrosion. A glossary of terms is included in Appendix A of this book to help with the sometimes confusing terminology.
A significant amount of energy is put into a metal when it is extracted from its ores, placing it in a high-energy state. These ores are typically oxides of the metal such as hematite (Fe2O3) for steel or bauxite (Al2O3.H2O) for aluminum. One principle of thermodynamics is that a material always seeks the lowest energy state. In other words, most metals are thermodynamically unstable and will tend to seek a lower energy state, which is an oxide or some other compound. The process by which metals convert to the lower-energy oxides is called corrosion.
Tags: Control of Pipeline Corrosion, Corrosion, pipe, Pipe Corrosion, piping
Filed under: CIVIL and ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS, REFRIGERATION and HVAC ENGINEERING
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Please click Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems to download
Pipeline systems range from the very simple ones to very large and quite complex ones. They may be as uncomplicated as a single pipe conveying water from one reservoir to another or they may be as elaborate as an interconnected set of water distribution networks for a major metropolitan area. Individual pipelines may contain any of several kinds of pumps at one end or at an interior point; they may deliver water to or from storage tanks. A system may consist of a number of sub-networks separated by differing energy lines or pressure levels that serve neighborhoods at different elevations, and some of these may have pressurized tanks so that pumps need not operate continuously. So these conveyance systems will adequately fulfill their intended functions, they may require the inclusion of pressure reducing or pressure sustaining valves. To protect the physical integrity of a pipeline system, there may be a need to install surge control devices, such as surge relief valves, surge tanks, or air-vacuum valves, at various points in the system.
How do these systems work? What principles are involved, and how are the systems successfully analyzed and understood? How can the behavior of a preliminary design be evaluated, and how can the design be modified to correct deficiencies? These are some, of many, questions that immediately confront any engineer who is involved in creating the physical infrastructure to satisfy a basic need of mankind: the delivery of water when and where it is wanted at a price that is affordable. It is the primary objective of these engineers to develop and apply their knowledge to make the system work. Success at this task first requires an adequate knowledge of some fundamental principles of fluid mechanics. Some experience with the solution of hydraulic flow problems is certainly desirable, and it will come with time and effort. These days an understanding of some particular numerical methods and the ability to implement them on a computer, sometimes for the solution of very large problems, is also a vitally needed skill. Computations associated with engineering practice have changed dramatically in the past quarter century from the estimation of a few key values by using a slide rule to the generation of pages of computer output that are the result of detailed simulations of system performance in response to various alternative designs, so that the consequences of various ideas can be ascertained quantitatively. The volume of computer output can overwhelm one’s ability to glean the most pertinent information from the numbers. The purpose of this book is to empower the reader with the knowledge, experience, and tools to accomplish this objective.
Tags: Hydraulics, Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems, pipe, Pipeline
Filed under: CIVIL and ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS
Please click Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps to download
My motivation in publishing this book was to relate fundamental principles of the operation of kinetic and positive displacement pumps, with direct relation to application specifics and user needs. In today’s reality, pump users demand simpler, easier-to-read, and more practical material on pumps. New, young engineers who enter the workforce are faced with immediate practical challenges presented to them by the plants’ environments: to solve pumping problems and improve equipment reliability and availability - in the most cost-effective manner. To meet these challenges, plant personnel must first understand the fundamentals of pump operations, and then apply this knowledge to solve their immediate short-term, and longterm, problems. Pumps are the most widely used type of machinery throughout the world, yet, unfortunately, they are covered very little, or not at all, at the college level, leaving engineering graduates unprepared to deal with - not to mention troubleshoot - this equipment. The variety of pump types also adds to the confusion of an engineer entering the workforce: Which pump type, among many, to choose for a given application? Available books on pumps are good but do not reflect the rapid changes taking place at the plants - tougher applications, new corrosive chemicals, and resistance to the abrasives, which because of cost pressures are no longer adequately removed from the streams before they enter a pump’s suction, etc. In recent years, heightened attention to a safe workplace environment, and plants’ demand for better equipment reliability have necessitated improvements in mean time between failures (MTBF), as well as a better understanding of pump fundamentals and differences - real or perceived. In addition, existing books often contain complicated mathematics with long derivations that typically make them better suited for academic researchers, not practicing engineers, operators, or maintenance personnel looking for practical advice and a real solution for their immediate needs. The emphasis of this book, therefore, is on simplicity - to make it useful, easy, and interesting to read for a broad audience.
For new engineers, mechanics, operators, and plant management, this book will provide a clear and simple understanding of pump types, as defined by the Hydraulic Institute (HI). For more experienced users, it will provide a timely update on the recent trends and developments, including actual field troubleshooting cases where the causes for each particular problem are traced back to pump fundamentals in a clear and methodical fashion. The pump types covered include: centrifugal, gear, lobe, vane, screw, diaphragm, progressing cavity, and other miscellaneous types.
The variation in types of pumps is presented in terms of hydraulic design and performance, principles of operation, design similarities and differences, and historical trends and technological changes. After covering fundamentals, the focus shifts to real field cases, in terms of applications, pump age, system interaction, reliability and failure analysis, as well as practical solutions for improvements. Upon completion of the book, readers should be able to immediately implement the techniques covered in the book to their needs, as well as share what they have learned with colleagues in the field.
Existing material on pumps and pumping equipment covers predominately centrifugal pumps. Centrifugal pumps have dominated the overall pumping population in the past, but this situation has been changing in the last 10 to 15 years. New chemicals, industrial processes, and technologies have introduced processes and products with viscosities in ranges significantly beyond the capabilities of centrifugal pumps. Many users still attempt to apply centrifugal pumps to such unsuited applications, unaware of new available pump types and improvements in rotary pump designs. Furthermore, there is very little published material on gear pump designs - the effects of clearances on performance and priming capabilities are virtually unknown to users. Progressing cavity pumps, now widely used in wastewater treatment plants and paper mills, are virtually uncovered in the available literature, and even the principle of their operation is only understood by a few specialists among the designers. The same applies to multiple-screw pumps: a controversy still exists about whether outside screws in three-screw designs provide additional pumping or not.
An example of published literature which when used alone is no longer adequate is A.J. Stepanoff’s well-known book Centrifugal and Axial Flow Pumps .It describes the theory of centrifugal pumps well, but has no information on actual applications to guide the user and help with actual pump selection for his or her applications. Besides, the material in the book does not nearly cover any of the latest developments, research findings, and field experience in the last 20 to 30 years. Another example comes from a very obscure publication on progressing cavity pumps, The Progressing Cavity Pumps, by H. Cholet, 21 published in 1996. However, this book concentrates mostly on downhole applications, and is more of a general overview, with some applicational illustrations, and does not contain any troubleshooting techniques of a “what-to-do-if.” In the U.S., this book is essentially unknown and can be obtained only in certain specialized conferences in Europe. There is a good publication by H.P. Bloch, Process Plant Machinery , 19 which covers a variety of rotating and stationary machinery, as well as being a good source for the technical professional. It provides an overview of pumps, but for detailed design and applicational specifics, a dedicated book on pumps would be a very good supplement. Finally, the Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology contains a chapter on “Pumps,” written by the author, 1 and includes comparative descriptions of various pump types, with applicational recommendations and an extensive list of references. However, while being a good reference source, it is generally used primarily as it was intended- as an encyclopedial material, designed to provide the reader with a starting foundation, but is not a substitute for an in-depth publication on pumping details.
For the above reasons, this new book on centrifugal and rotary pumps will provide much needed and timely material to many plant engineers, maintenance personnel, and operators, as well as serving as a relevant textbook for college courses on rotating machinery, which are becoming more and more popular, as technological trends bring the need to study pumping methods to the attention of college curricula. This book is unique not only because it covers the latest pump designs and theory, but also because it provides an unintimidating reference resource to practicing professionals in the U.S. and throughout the world.
Please click Centrifugal and Rotary Pumps to download
Tags: Axial Flow Pumps, Centrifugal Pump, diaphragm, gear, lobe, progressing cavity, Pump, pump types, Rotary Pump, screw, vane
