Archive for the ‘PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS’ Category
Filed under: MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS, REFRIGERATION and HVAC ENGINEERING
Please click Intermediate Heat Transfer to download
Heat transfer is a required course for mechanical, aerospace, nuclear, and chemical engineering undergraduates. Advanced courses in heat transfer are also required for most graduate students in the same four fields. Generally, these advanced courses are named “Conduction,” “Convection,” or “Radiation”. In many universities, however, there is an Intermediate Heat Transfer course for seniors and first year graduate engineering students. This is their textbook. For this second course in heat transfer; this volume evolved from a series of lecture notes developed by the author in almost twenty-five years of teaching a graduate-level course of this type at the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A.
There are several distinguishing features that set Intermediate Heat Transfer apart from existing texts on the subject. A discussion of these features follows. A major difficulty of engineering graduates in studying heat transfer at the advanced level is the big jump of knowledge required. It is difficult for them to comprehend the advanced material because the introductory course did not adequately prepare them. This book bridges this gap in knowledge about heat transfer.
Intermediate Heat Transfer provides the necessary background for seniors and first-year graduate students so that they can independently read and understand research papers in heat transfer. The one standard course in heat transfer, usually at the junior undergraduate level, does not cover enough material for the student to be cognizant of most of the archival material on heat transfer. This book fills the knowledge gap of heat transfer for most of our engineering graduates who have taken only one course in heat transfer.
Tags: Conduction, Convection, heat transfer, Kau-Fui Vincent Wong, Radiation
Filed under: CIVIL and ARCHITECTURE, MAINTENANCE, MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS, REFRIGERATION and HVAC ENGINEERING
Please click Control of Pipeline Corrosion to download
WHAT IS CORROSION?
One general definition of corrosion is the degradation of a material through environmental interaction. This definition encompasses all materials, both naturally occurring and man-made and includes plastics, ceramics, and metals. This book focuses on the corrosion of metals, with emphasis on corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels used in underground pipelines. This definition of corrosion begs the question; why do metals corrode? The answer lies in the field of thermodynamics, which tells whether a process such as corrosion will occur. A second logical question is what is the rate of corrosion or how long will a pipeline last? Corrosion kinetics can help provide an answer to this question. Both topics are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 16. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the subject of underground corrosion. A glossary of terms is included in Appendix A of this book to help with the sometimes confusing terminology.
A significant amount of energy is put into a metal when it is extracted from its ores, placing it in a high-energy state. These ores are typically oxides of the metal such as hematite (Fe2O3) for steel or bauxite (Al2O3.H2O) for aluminum. One principle of thermodynamics is that a material always seeks the lowest energy state. In other words, most metals are thermodynamically unstable and will tend to seek a lower energy state, which is an oxide or some other compound. The process by which metals convert to the lower-energy oxides is called corrosion.
Tags: Control of Pipeline Corrosion, Corrosion, pipe, Pipe Corrosion, piping
Filed under: CIVIL and ARCHITECTURE, ENGINEERING, MECHANICAL, PETROLEUM,OIL and NATURAL GAS, REFRIGERATION and HVAC ENGINEERING
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Please click Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems to download
Pipeline systems range from the very simple ones to very large and quite complex ones. They may be as uncomplicated as a single pipe conveying water from one reservoir to another or they may be as elaborate as an interconnected set of water distribution networks for a major metropolitan area. Individual pipelines may contain any of several kinds of pumps at one end or at an interior point; they may deliver water to or from storage tanks. A system may consist of a number of sub-networks separated by differing energy lines or pressure levels that serve neighborhoods at different elevations, and some of these may have pressurized tanks so that pumps need not operate continuously. So these conveyance systems will adequately fulfill their intended functions, they may require the inclusion of pressure reducing or pressure sustaining valves. To protect the physical integrity of a pipeline system, there may be a need to install surge control devices, such as surge relief valves, surge tanks, or air-vacuum valves, at various points in the system.
How do these systems work? What principles are involved, and how are the systems successfully analyzed and understood? How can the behavior of a preliminary design be evaluated, and how can the design be modified to correct deficiencies? These are some, of many, questions that immediately confront any engineer who is involved in creating the physical infrastructure to satisfy a basic need of mankind: the delivery of water when and where it is wanted at a price that is affordable. It is the primary objective of these engineers to develop and apply their knowledge to make the system work. Success at this task first requires an adequate knowledge of some fundamental principles of fluid mechanics. Some experience with the solution of hydraulic flow problems is certainly desirable, and it will come with time and effort. These days an understanding of some particular numerical methods and the ability to implement them on a computer, sometimes for the solution of very large problems, is also a vitally needed skill. Computations associated with engineering practice have changed dramatically in the past quarter century from the estimation of a few key values by using a slide rule to the generation of pages of computer output that are the result of detailed simulations of system performance in response to various alternative designs, so that the consequences of various ideas can be ascertained quantitatively. The volume of computer output can overwhelm one’s ability to glean the most pertinent information from the numbers. The purpose of this book is to empower the reader with the knowledge, experience, and tools to accomplish this objective.
Tags: Hydraulics, Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems, pipe, Pipeline
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