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Please click Refrigerant Piping Design Guide to download

This Application Guide was created for design engineers and service technicians to demonstrate how to size refrigerant piping.

This Guide covers R-22, R-407C, R-410A, and R-134a used in commercial air conditioning systems. It does not apply to industrial refrigeration and/or Variable Refrigerant Volume (VRV) systems.

Several HVAC systems require field refrigeration piping to be designed and installed on-site.

Examples include:

• Condensing units
• Direct expansion (DX) coil in air handlers
• Remote evaporators with air-cooled chillers
• Chiller with a remote air cooled condensers

The information contained in this Application Guide is based on Chapter 2 of ASHRAE’s Refrigeration Handbook and McQuay’s experience with this type of equipment.

A properly designed and installed refrigerant piping system should:

• Provide adequate refrigerant flow to the evaporators, using practical refrigerant line sizes that limit pressure drop
• Avoid trapping excessive oil so that the compressor has enough oil to operate properly at all times
• Avoid liquid refrigerant slugging
• Be clean and dry

Please click Dupont Refrigerant Piping Handbook to download

This special Handbook of Refrigerant Piping that can use for design of refrigeration piping. This is consist of Engineering Data Piping Losses, Nomographs, Piping Procedures, Expansion / Contraction, Best Practices, Quick Pick Criteria, HFC Quick Pick Tables, HCFC Quick Pick Tables, CFC Quick Pick Tables.

Please click Haynes Techbook Automotive Heating And Air Conditioning to download

There was a time when every good mechanic understood the basic systems of the automobile pretty well.

But that time has passed. The days of the renaissance repairman are over. As systems have become more complicated, the investment in training and tools necessary to service the entire range of automotive technology found on a typical modern vehicle has widened to the point that no one actually “fixes cars” anymore. Instead, most modern mechanics specialize. Today, we have engine builders, front end specialists, tune-up specialists, transmission specialists, etc. Unfortunately, this approach has created an aura of “black magic” around the more esoteric of these topics.

Automotive air conditioning is certainly one subject that is poorly understood by nearly all do-it-yourselfers and a lot of professionals as well. The reasons for this situation come down to motivation, money and knowledge.

Unlike performance-related topics such as degreeing a cam, rejetting a carburetor, etc., air conditioning theory, service and troubleshooting is, frankly, pretty dry stuff. A well maintained air conditioning system won’t make a vehicle faster. But it will make it more comfortable. Unfortunately, performance – not comfort – is what gets young mechanics going. Consequently, they don’t usually grow up saying “I want to be an air conditioning technician.”

Then there are the special tools. Even if you are the kind of person who is attracted to air conditioning work, the tools needed to diagnose, repair and maintain a typical system are highly specialized and expensive. They’re so specialized, in fact, that they can’t be used for much else. Only a professional who chooses the field as a career can justify the kind of investment it takes to become an air conditioning specialist.

Another reason air conditioning seems so mysterious is that little useful knowledge of the basics is readily available. Lots of books explain how to service specific systems, but few bother with the underlying principles of operation. This is unfortunate, because a good grasp of basic theory can enable a mechanic to understand any air conditioning system.

If carefully read and understood, this book should help any mechanic understand the fundamentals of air conditioning systems. It begins with a discussion of basic air conditioning theory, followed by a description of each of the components found in typical heating and air conditioning systems. Any real comprehension of what follows after that is only possible if the first two chapters are read and understood. The rest of the book is devoted to routine maintenance, service procedures, repairs and troubleshooting.

Only two things are not included in this volume:

1) Removal and installation procedures and

2) Compressor overhauls.

For specific air conditioning and heating  system component removal and installation procedures, refer to the Haynes Automotive Repair Manual for the vehicle in question. If – after using this book to troubleshoot an air conditioning system – you conclude that the compressor is malfunctioning, we recommend that you remove it and install a rebuilt unit. There are several reasons for this.

First, time is money.

The money you will save by rebuilding the compressor yourself is more than offset by the money you will have to invest in specialized tools that may not work on other compressors. In this day of rebuilt components, it doesn’t make much sense to rebuild a critical component like the compressor when you can obtain a rebuilt one for a few dollars more. Second, there simply is not enough space in this volume to include the overhaul procedure for every air conditioning compressor available.

Other than these two items, however, you will find most everything you need to know about how air conditioning systems work, how to maintain them, service them, troubleshoot them and repair them in this manual.

One final note: The astute reader will notice that little mention has been made so far of heating systems.

That’s because- aside from heater core replacement (covered in Haynes Automotive Repair Manuals when possible) – heating systems are pretty easy to maintain and fix. Because heating and air conditioning systems are so interrelated, it’s impossible to discuss one without the other.

Please click Intermediate Heat Transfer to download

Heat transfer is a required course for mechanical, aerospace, nuclear, and chemical engineering undergraduates. Advanced courses in heat transfer are also required for most graduate students in the same four fields. Generally, these advanced courses are named “Conduction,” “Convection,” or “Radiation”. In many universities, however, there is an Intermediate Heat Transfer course for seniors and first year graduate engineering students. This is their textbook. For this second course in heat transfer; this volume evolved from a series of lecture notes developed by the author in almost twenty-five years of teaching a graduate-level course of this type at the Mechanical Engineering Department, University of Miami, Coral Gables, Florida, U.S.A.

There are several distinguishing features that set Intermediate Heat Transfer apart from existing texts on the subject. A discussion of these features follows. A major difficulty of engineering graduates in studying heat transfer at the advanced level is the big jump of knowledge required. It is difficult for them to comprehend the advanced material because the introductory course did not adequately prepare them. This book bridges this gap in knowledge about heat transfer.

Intermediate Heat Transfer provides the necessary background for seniors and first-year graduate students so that they can independently read and understand research papers in heat transfer. The one standard course in heat transfer, usually at the junior undergraduate level, does not cover enough material for the student to be cognizant of most of the archival material on heat transfer. This book fills the knowledge gap of heat transfer for most of our engineering graduates who have taken only one course in heat transfer.

Please click Control of Pipeline Corrosion to download

WHAT IS CORROSION?

One general definition of corrosion is the degradation of a material through environmental interaction. This definition encompasses all materials, both naturally occurring and man-made and includes plastics, ceramics, and metals. This book focuses on the corrosion of metals, with emphasis on corrosion of carbon and low-alloy steels used in underground pipelines. This definition of corrosion begs the question; why do metals corrode? The answer lies in the field of thermodynamics, which tells whether a process such as corrosion will occur. A second logical question is what is the rate of corrosion or how long will a pipeline last? Corrosion kinetics can help provide an answer to this question. Both topics are discussed in greater detail in Chapter 16. Chapter 1 contains an introduction to the subject of underground corrosion. A glossary of terms is included in Appendix A of this book to help with the sometimes confusing terminology.

A significant amount of energy is put into a metal when it is extracted from its ores, placing it in a high-energy state. These ores are typically oxides of the metal such as hematite (Fe₂O₃) for steel or bauxite (Al₂O₃.H₂O) for aluminum. One principle of thermodynamics is that a material always seeks the lowest energy state. In other words, most metals are thermodynamically unstable and will tend to seek a lower energy state, which is an oxide or some other compound. The process by which metals convert to the lower-energy oxides is called corrosion.

Preface

This handbook has been written to meet the need for a practical guide to refrigeration systems and their installation, maintenance and repair. It deals with all the basic installation and service procedures and aims to be useful equally to the practising mechanic and to the trainee or student technician.

The first edition of Refrigerant on Equipment became the standard text for the City & Guilds 2070 course. The new edition will provide underpinning knowledge for the new Level 2 NVQ, and the fundamental for students following

Level 3 NVQs, within the City & Guilds 6007 scheme. It also continues to cover for the BTEC National unit in refrigeration technology.

Many refrigeration mechanics receive their training within the industry, either ‘on site’, or in a manufacturer’s in-plant training course. These trainees will find this book a helpful source of information and reference.

Finally, refrigeration installations are to be found in numerous establishments in the frozen food industry, airports, hotels, hospitals, supermarkets where maintenance personnel may sometimes be responsible for maintaining an emergency service until specialists are available.

I hope that this handbook will be welcomed by the many services and maintenance engineers whose responsibilities include the monitoring of refrigeration equipment.

Please click Accident Prevention and Response Manual for Ammonia Refrigeration to download

What’s this Manual All About?

There are many environmental laws and regulations in place to protect operators, other employees, and surrounding communities from the potential hazards of working with toxic chemicals like anhydrous ammonia.

This manual summarizes the requirements of these laws for anhydrous ammonia system operators. A list of the federal laws and regulations related to process safety, accident prevention, emergency planning, and release reporting may be found in Chapter 5. Many anhydrous ammonia system operators know their systems inside and out. If you are already familiar with the environmental laws and regulations that pertain to your system, then you are invited to test your knowledge by taking the quiz in Appendix F. If you score 100% – CONGRATULATIONS and you may not need this manual. If you score less than 100%, this manual will help you update your knowledge base. Good luck!

This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources.

Meat processing (ISBN 1 85573 583 0)

This major new collection summarises key developments in research, from improving raw meat quality and safety issues to developments in meat processing and specific aspects of meat product quality such as colour, flavour and texture.

HACCP in the meat industry (ISBN 1 85573 448 6)

Following the crises involving BSE and E. coli the meat industry has been left with an enormous consumer confidence problem. In order to regain the trust of the general public the industry must establish and adhere to strict hygiene and hazard control systems. HACCP is a

systematic approach to the identification, evaluation and control of food safety hazards. It is being applied across the world, with countries such as the USA, Australia, New Zealand and the UK leading the way. However, effective implementation in the meat industry remains difficult and controversial. This book is a survey of key principles and best practice, providing an authoritative guide to making HACCP systems work successfully in the meat industry.

Lawrie’s meat science (ISBN 1 85573 395 1)

This book remains a standard for both students and professionals in the meat industry. It provides a systematic account of meat science from the conception of the animal until human consumption, presenting the fundamentals of meat science. This sixth edition incorporates the significant advances in meat science which have taken place during the past decade including our increasingly precise understanding of the structure of the muscle, as well as the identification of the aberrations in DNA which lead to the development of BSE syndrome in meat.

Please click Hydraulics of Pipeline Systems to download

Pipeline systems range from the very simple ones to very large and quite complex ones. They may be as uncomplicated as a single pipe conveying water from one reservoir to another or they may be as elaborate as an interconnected set of water distribution networks for a major metropolitan area. Individual pipelines may contain any of several kinds of pumps at one end or at an interior point; they may deliver water to or from storage tanks. A system may consist of a number of sub-networks separated by differing energy lines or pressure levels that serve neighborhoods at different elevations, and some of these may have pressurized tanks so that pumps need not operate continuously. So these conveyance systems will adequately fulfill their intended functions, they may require the inclusion of pressure reducing or pressure sustaining valves. To protect the physical integrity of a pipeline system, there may be a need to install surge control devices, such as surge relief valves, surge tanks, or air-vacuum valves, at various points in the system.

How do these systems work? What principles are involved, and how are the systems successfully analyzed and understood? How can the behavior of a preliminary design be evaluated, and how can the design be modified to correct deficiencies? These are some, of many, questions that immediately confront any engineer who is involved in creating the physical infrastructure to satisfy a basic need of mankind: the delivery of water when and where it is wanted at a price that is affordable. It is the primary objective of these engineers to develop and apply their knowledge to make the system work. Success at this task first requires an adequate knowledge of some fundamental principles of fluid mechanics. Some experience with the solution of hydraulic flow problems is certainly desirable, and it will come with time and effort. These days an understanding of some particular numerical methods and the ability to implement them on a computer, sometimes for the solution of very large problems, is also a vitally needed skill. Computations associated with engineering practice have changed dramatically in the past quarter century from the estimation of a few key values by using a slide rule to the generation of pages of computer output that are the result of detailed simulations of system performance in response to various alternative designs, so that the consequences of various ideas can be ascertained quantitatively. The volume of computer output can overwhelm one’s ability to glean the most pertinent information from the numbers. The purpose of this book is to empower the reader with the knowledge, experience, and tools to accomplish this objective.